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          iOS App 签名机制
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        <p>iOS App 签名机制</p>
<h1 id="先说一下名词"><a href="#先说一下名词" class="headerlink" title="先说一下名词"></a>先说一下名词</h1><h2 id="Certificates"><a href="#Certificates" class="headerlink" title="Certificates"></a>Certificates</h2><p>证书是用来给应用程序签名的，只有经过签名的应用程序才能保证他的来源是可信任的，并且代码是完整的， 未经修改的。<br>众所周知，我们申请一个Certificate之前，需要先申请一个Certificate Signing Request (CSR) 文件，而这个过程中实际上是生成了一对公钥和私钥，保存在你Mac的Keychain中。代码签名正是使用这种基于非对称秘钥的加密方式，用私钥进行签名，用公钥进行验证。如下图所示，在你Mac的keychain的login中存储着相关的公钥和私钥，而证书中包含了公钥。你只能用私钥来进行签名，所以如果没有了私钥，就意味着你不能进行签名了，所以就无法使用这个证书了，此时你只能revoke之前的证书再申请一个。因此在申请完证书时，最好导出并保存好你的私钥。当你想与其他人或其他设备共享证书时，把私钥传给它就可以了。私钥保存在你的Mac中，而苹果生成的Certificate中包含了公钥。当你用自己的私钥对代码签名后，苹果就可以用证书中的公钥来进行验证，确保是你对代码进行了签名，而不是别人冒充你，同时也确保代码的完整性等。</p>
<img src="/blogwebpage/images/iOS/cer.jpg" class="">
<p>证书主要分为两类：Development和Production，Development证书用来开发和调试应用程序，Production主要用来分发应用程序（根据证书种类有不同作用），下面是证书的分类信息：（括号内为证书有效期）</p>
<p>（注：不同类型的开发者账户所能创建的证书种类不同）</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Development</p>
<ul>
<li>App Development (1年)：用来开发和真机调试应用程序。</li>
<li>Push Development (1年)：用来调试Apple Push Notification</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Production</p>
<ul>
<li>In-House and Ad Hoc (3年)：用来发布In-House和AdHoc的应用程序。</li>
<li>App Store ：用来发布提交App Store的应用程序。</li>
<li>MDM CSR</li>
<li>Push Production (1年)：用来在发布版本中使用Apple Push Notification。</li>
<li>Pass Type ID Certificate</li>
<li>Website Push ID Certificate</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="App-ID"><a href="#App-ID" class="headerlink" title="App ID"></a>App ID</h2><p>App ID用于标识一个或者一组App，App ID应该是和Xcode中的Bundle ID是一致的或者匹配的。App ID主要有以下两种：</p>
<p>Explicit App ID：唯一的App ID，这种App ID用于唯一标识一个应用程序，例如com.ABC.demo1，标识Bundle ID为com.ABC.demo1的程序。<br>Wildcard App ID：通配符App ID，用于标识一组应用程序。例如*可以表示所有应用程序，而com.ABC.*可以表示以com.ABC开头的所有应用程序。</p>
<img src="/blogwebpage/images/iOS/appidservice.jpg" class="" title="appidservice">

<p>如果你的App使用上述的任何一种service，就要按照要求去配置。</p>
<h2 id="Device"><a href="#Device" class="headerlink" title="Device"></a>Device</h2><p>Device最简单了，就是iOS设备。Devices中包含了该账户中所有可用于开发和测试的设备。 每台设备使用UDID来唯一标识。</p>
<p>每个账户中的设备数量限制是100个。Disable 一台设备也不会增加名额，只能在membership year 开始的时候才能通过删除设备来增加名额。</p>
<h2 id="Provisioning-Profile"><a href="#Provisioning-Profile" class="headerlink" title="Provisioning Profile"></a>Provisioning Profile</h2><p>一个Provisioning Profile文件包含了上述的所有内容：证书、App ID、设备。而且这个Provisioning Profile文件会在打包时嵌入.ipa的包里。</p>
<img src="/blogwebpage/images/iOS/ProvisioningProfile.jpg" class="" title="ProvisioningProfile">

<h1 id="言归正传说说签名原理"><a href="#言归正传说说签名原理" class="headerlink" title="言归正传说说签名原理"></a>言归正传说说签名原理</h1><p><span class="exturl" data-url="aHR0cDovL2Jsb2cuY25iYW5nLm5ldC90ZWNoLzMzODYv">参考大神博客<i class="fa fa-external-link-alt"></i></span><br>直接呈现大神总结的：</p>
<img src="/blogwebpage/images/iOS/sign3.png" class="">

<h2 id="再列一遍整个流程："><a href="#再列一遍整个流程：" class="headerlink" title="再列一遍整个流程："></a>再列一遍整个流程：</h2><ol>
<li>在你的 Mac 开发机器生成一对公私钥，这里称为公钥L，私钥L。L:Local</li>
<li>苹果自己有固定的一对公私钥，跟上面 AppStore 例子一样，私钥在苹果后台，公钥在每个 iOS 设备上。这里称为公钥A，私钥A。A:Apple</li>
<li>把公钥 L 传到苹果后台，用苹果后台里的私钥 A 去签名公钥 L。得到一份数据包含了公钥 L 以及其签名，把这份数据称为证书。</li>
<li>在苹果后台申请 AppID，配置好设备 ID 列表和 APP 可使用的权限，再加上第③步的证书，组成的数据用私钥 A 签名，把数据和签名一起组成一个 Provisioning Profile 文件，下载到本地 Mac 开发机。</li>
<li>在开发时，编译完一个 APP 后，用本地的私钥 L 对这个 APP 进行签名，同时把第④步得到的 Provisioning Profile 文件打包进 APP 里，文件名为 embedded.mobileprovision，把 APP 安装到手机上。</li>
<li>在安装时，iOS 系统取得证书，通过系统内置的公钥 A，去验证 embedded.mobileprovision 的数字签名是否正确，里面的证书签名也会再验一遍。</li>
<li>确保了 embedded.mobileprovision 里的数据都是苹果授权以后，就可以取出里面的数据，做各种验证，包括用公钥 L 验证APP签名，验证设备 ID 是否在 ID 列表上，AppID 是否对应得上，权限开关是否跟 APP 里的 Entitlements 对应等。</li>
</ol>
<p>开发者证书从签名到认证最终苹果采用的流程大致是这样，还有一些细节像证书有效期/证书类型等就不细说了。</p>
<h2 id="概念和操作"><a href="#概念和操作" class="headerlink" title="概念和操作"></a>概念和操作</h2><p>上面的步骤对应到我们平常具体的操作和概念是这样的：</p>
<ul>
<li>第 1 步对应的是 keychain 里的 “从证书颁发机构请求证书”，这里就本地生成了一对公私钥，保存的 CertificateSigningRequest 就是公钥，私钥保存在本地电脑里。</li>
<li>第 2 步苹果处理，不用管。</li>
<li>第 3 步对应把 CertificateSigningRequest 传到苹果后台生成证书，并下载到本地。这时本地有两个证书，一个是第 1 步生成的，一个是这里下载回来的，keychain 会把这两个证书关联起来，因为他们公私钥是对应的，在XCode选择下载回来的证书时，实际上会找到 keychain 里对应的私钥去签名。这里私钥只有生成它的这台 Mac 有，如果别的 Mac 也要编译签名这个 App 怎么办？答案是把私钥导出给其他 Mac 用，在 keychain 里导出私钥，就会存成 .p12 文件，其他 Mac 打开后就导入了这个私钥。</li>
<li>第 4 步都是在苹果网站上操作，配置 AppID / 权限 / 设备等，最后下载 Provisioning Profile 文件。</li>
<li>第 5 步 XCode 会通过第 3 步下载回来的证书（存着公钥），在本地找到对应的私钥（第一步生成的），用本地私钥去签名 App，并把 Provisioning Profile 文件命名为 embedded.mobileprovision 一起打包进去。这里对 App 的签名数据保存分两部分，Mach-O 可执行文件会把签名直接写入这个文件里，其他资源文件则会保存在 _CodeSignature 目录下。</li>
<li>第 6 – 7 步的打包和验证都是 Xcode 和 iOS 系统自动做的事。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="这里再总结一下这些概念："><a href="#这里再总结一下这些概念：" class="headerlink" title="这里再总结一下这些概念："></a>这里再总结一下这些概念：</h2><ul>
<li>证书：内容是公钥或私钥，由其他机构对其签名组成的数据包。</li>
<li>Entitlements：包含了 App 权限开关列表。</li>
<li>CertificateSigningRequest：本地公钥。</li>
<li>p12：本地私钥，可以导入到其他电脑。</li>
<li>Provisioning Profile：包含了 证书 / Entitlements 等数据，并由苹果后台私钥签名的数据包。</li>
</ul>

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